COLOMBIA: DAS - Administrative Department of Security - the secret police of Colombia with responsibility for combatting drug trafficking, the leftist insurgencies and the rightist death squads. The DAS's expedient use of the Cali narcotrafficantes to decimate the Medelln cartel in the 1991-1993 period has allowed the Cali cartel to assume the leadership of the drug export business. CUBA; DGI - General Directorate of Intelligence - Cuba's foreign intelligence service. The DGI operationally is under Ministry of Interior (MININT) and First Vice Minister for Security, with the DGI chief's rank being vice minister. Its many notable successes include multiple and simultaneous penetrations of the CIA using "dangle" agents. It would appear that virtually every Cuban citizen the American CIA thought was working for them during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s - and very likely even now - were under DGI career spies or individuals coopted by Havana. The DGI chief in the 1960s, Manuel Pineiro Losada, known for his coloring as Barbarossa [Red Beard], was shifted to command Cuba's other foreign intelligence service, the Americas Department of the Cuban Communist Party Central Committee. DGI and Americas Department personnel are highly interchangeable. The difference is that revolutionary armed struggle in the Western Hemisphere was run from the party's Americas Department to give the illusion of separation from the government should captured guerrillas and terrorists talk. In cases like Mexico, where Castro was on especially good terms with the government and valuable trade and political ties were at risk, Cuba would shunt revolutionary trainees to cut-outs like the Soviet Union, North Korea and Nicaragua for training.DIM - Military Intelligence Directorate - of Cuba. DSE - Department of State Security - Cuba's provincial-level secret police. CYPRUS: KIP - Cyprus Intelligence Service. CZECH REPUBLIC and SLOVAKIA: BIS - Security Information Service - counterintelligence service of the Czech Republic; the only one of the four Czech intelligence services answerable to the parliament. Formed in December 1992, before the separation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, from the division of the Federal Security Information Service (FBIS). Czech democrats accuse the revamped security service of continuing former State Security Service secret police work. The director from December 1992 through August 1993 was Stanislav Devaty.CZS -Czechoslovak Intelligence Service, replaced StB after the collapse of the Communist system in the Velvet Revolution of November 1989. One of the four Czech intelligence services formed after the collapse of the Communist government along with the BIS [counterintelligence]; military intelligence and military counterintelligence. FMV - Federal Ministry of the Interior - The Czech Republic internal security ministry, currently under Jan Ruml. Also known as the MV.FSZS - Federal Directorate of Intelligence Services - the Czech Republic's central intelligence organization.MBV - Local Security Committee - part of the former Czech secret police network.NVB - National Security Board - the coordinating body for Czech intelligence.ObZ - Counterintelligence - Czech Republic.RNB - Reditelstvi Nrodn Bezpecnosti - National Security Directorate of Czech Republic.RNB - National Security Directorate of Slovakia.SB - State Security - Slovakia's secret police.SNB - National Security Corps, Czechoslovak internal security unit.StB - State Security Service, Czechoslovakia's foreign intelligence service. Reorganized in 1990 as the CZS.SVKR - Military Counterintelligence Headquarters - Czech Republic.UIS - Central Information Service - of the Czech Republic.UNB - National Security Office - of the Czech Republic.USB - State Security Headquarters - Slovakia.VKR - Military Counterintelligence. The VKR was part of the Interior Ministry until reorganization in 1990. The military counterintelligence authority was given to the army and the name changed to Military Defense Intelligence (VOZ). In August 1993, the VOZ director, Colonel of the General Staff Petr Luzny, maintained that not a single KGB or GRU agent had been found in the VOZ. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: DNS - National Directorate of Security - Dominican Republic. EGYPT: GIA - General Intelligence Agency. The GIA was set up in the 1950s with the help of former Nazis working for General Reinhard Gehlen. The GIA is responsible only to the president, and has almost unlimited powers. It carries out both espionage and counter-espionage and in some cases police work. Working alongside it - and sometimes in competition with it - is another organization, Mahabes el-Aam, the Secret Police, which comes under the Ministry of the Interior and deals with internal and political security.Egypt's Mukhabarat has a reputation for torture and cruelty and remains a potent force inside Egypt, if not in the world outside. It is noted that a degree of cooperation exists between the GIA and the FBI as shown by the use of the FBI of a GIA officer as a central informant in the on-going prosecution conspirators related to the World Trade Center bombing case in New York City. FRANCE: DGSE - Directorate General for External Security - the French foreign intelligence service. Prior to reorganization ordered by President Franois Mitterrand in 1981, the DGSE was called the SDECE - a barely pronounceable acronym even in French. Its headquarters are in a disused barracks in Boulevard Mortier, Paris, near a municipal swimming pool, giving rise to the word piscine being used as a slightly pejorative nickname for the service. The DGSE is an intensely political organization that because of changing national directives has been embroiled in a number of scandals of typical French complexity.The DGSE has the awesome responsibility for guarding the French investment in America - rumored to be in the region of $13 trillion - mainly in electronics, space engineering and telecommunications. By reputation, the DGSE has an aggressive collection program that extends to such James Bond-style escapades as downloading the hard drives and diskettes of business executives traveling in France, rummaging through their checked luggage at airports, stealing brief cases carried by business executives flying on Air France and photocopying the contents and installing microphones in the headrests of Air France's trans-Atlantic flights. The DGSE was the lead agency in the 1985 in the surveillance of the organization Greenpeace, then attempting to disrupt French nuclear tests in the Pacific. The DGSE campaign led to the sinking of the Greenpeace ship, Rainbow Warrior, capture of two French intelligence officers and considerable embarrassment to the French government. DST - Directorate for Territorial Surveillance - French internal security and counterintelligence. The DST, like its sister service, the DGSE, is often involved in politics. It is largely composed of ex-police officers. The DST is the lead organization in France's internal efforts in detecting and arresting foreign spies in France and in dealing with subversion and counterterrorism. In recent years the DST, under the Interior Ministry, has taken a lead against Islamic political extremists and terrorism in France. DST also employs the resources of the Renseignements Generaux, another police service, which keeps track of foreigners, political and labor union militants. GERMANY: EASTHVA - Main Reconnaissance Administration. Founded in 1952 as part of the MfS under the semi-legendary Communist spymaster, Markus "Mischa" Wolf, who led the HVA until his retirement in 1987, the HVA penetrated the highest echelons of West German government and intelligence. HVA agent Gnther Guillaume became the private secretary and political confidant of Chancellor Willy Brandt. Guillaume's arrest in 1974 forced Brandt's resignation. Noting the large number of unmarried secretaries, women in their thirties and forties, working for top NATO, intelligence and government officials, Wolf organized seductions by HVA officers - and endless secrets flowed to East Berlin - even from the desk of Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Examination of HVA archives (not all were spirited to Moscow) led to the arrests of the HVA spy ring in NATO codenamed "TOPAZ." Its leaders, Ann-Christine Rupp and Rainer Rupp, were convicted by a German court in November 1994. MfS - Ministry for State Security, East Germany; headed by Erich Mielke; dissolved with unification in October 1990. The HVA and SSD were divisions of the MfS. The Mfs played a major role in providing support services during the 1970s and 1980s to Mideastern and international terrorist organizations.SSD - State Security Service, East Germany's secret police; known as the Stasi. Since unification of Germany in October 1990, some Stasi agents have been arrested and charged. There is no amnesty for those who worked for East Germany. GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC: BfV - Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution - West German counterintelligence agency. The BfV has uncovered more than eighty East German spies in the West since unification. The agency also is responsible for investigating terrorists and political extremists.BKA - Federal Office of Criminal Investigation - carries out the criminal investigation and collection of evidence to bring counterintelligence and security cases to court for prosecution. In the United States, the FBI is responsible for both counterintelligence investigations, which are informational in purpose and thus may never come to a trial, and the criminal investigation function of the BKA.BND - Federal Intelligence Service - [West] German foreign intelligence, founded after World War II by Reinhard Gehlen. The BfV, BKA and BND are coordinated from the office of the German Chancellor. Early in October 1993, Minister of the Chancellery in charge of coordinating the German intelligence services Bernd Schmidbauer and Eckart Werthebach, the BfV president, received Iranian Intelligence and Security Minister Ali Fallahian-Khuzestani in Bonn for a "working visit." This brought an interagency feud because Fallahian's ministry directs the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign intelligence service, known as SAVAMA. The BKA linked Iranian intelligence operatives to the assassinations on September 17, 1992, of four anti-Tehran leaders of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan in Iran, including the party's secretary general Sadeq Sharafkandi, while they were meeting for dinner in the Mykonos restaurant in Berlin during a conference of the Socialist International. The trial commenced just as Fallahian paid his call. Shortly after Fallahian's red-carpet treatment in Bonn, the BKA leaked a copy of its report, "Overview of Danger in Iran: Activities of the Iranian Intelligence Service in Europe." Apparently, Fallahian was offering a trade: a reduced sentence of dismissal or charges for his hit-men in exchange for Iranian purchases of German goods. GREECE: IPA - Protective Security Service of Greece.KIP - Central Intelligence Service of Greece.KIPE - Central Radio Monitoring Service.KIPE - Central Information and Investigation Service, Greek internal security.SPA - Intelligence and Security Council. HAITI: SID - Service d'Information et de Documentation - Information and Documentation Service - Haiti. HUNGARY:AVB - Hungary's State Security Service; formerly known as the AVH and AVO. Reorganized in February 1990 under Colonel Istvan Dercze into Office for Constitutional Protection, using the name patterned on the West German security service to indicate a break with the communist Hungarian Socialist Workers Party (MSZMP). Hungarian foreign intelligence became the National Security Office, headed from 1990 to March 1992 by Andras Galszecsy. The nominee to replace him, Ambassador to Germany Attila Csenger-Zalan, resigned and declined after newspapers reported he was tried for causing a fatal traffic accident in 1989. The old AVB III/I Main Directorate [budget $18 million] handled foreign intelligence, the III/III Main Directorate internal security. The AVP played an important role in training and harboring international terrorists during the 1970s and 1980s.AVH - State Security Authority of the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior from the late 1940s until the 1956 Hungarian revolution. The AVH replaced the AVO (Magyar Allamrendorseg) Allamvedelmi Osztalya [State Security Department (of the Hungarian State Police). In common usage, the two acronyms were used intrchangeably. INDIA: RAW - India's Research and Analysis Wing - Pakistan's enemy number one. RAW played a major role in December 1994 in uncovering a case of sexual entrapment by female spies, sale of secret information on rocket engines and missile programs for large sums of money, and a spate of arrests. This all happened in Trivandrum, capital of the southern state of Kerala where the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has its headquarters. A young women from the Maldives was arrested for a very minor visa offense. Allegedly, she told investigators that Dr. D. Sasikumaran, 55, a deputy director of ISRO, would vouch for her. The police called in counterintelligence experts. Questioned by the RAW officers, Sasikumaren provided sufficient details of the lurid relationship to bring about the arrest of a second, older Maldivian woman as she was trying to leave the country, another ISRO deputy director named Nambi Narayanan and the local agent of the Russian space company Giavkosmos, Dr. K. Chandrasekharan. The investigation continues. In this case, Pakistan is the "usual suspect." IRAN: IRGC - The Pasdaran [Guards] have units engaged in both political and military intelligence. The IRGC also is linked to technology acquisitions. A special operations unit known as Al-Qods Forces [Al-Qods is the Arabic for Jerusalem] is suspected of having provided the hit-team that killed former Prime Minister Shahpour Bakhtiar and an aide in their suburban Paris home in August 1991. The killing of leading exiles is believed to be approved by Iran's Higher Security Council. Members of the Council include President Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Minister of Intelligence and Security Ali Fallahian-Khuzestani, Majlis, Speaker Mehdi Mahdaui Karrubi and Ahmad Khomeini, the late ayatollah's son. The IRGC intelligence section, headed by a mullah named Sa'edi, has been suspected of involvement in supporting the Lockerbie bombing in December 1988. Also allegedly involved in assassination operations against political exiles is the shadowy Organization of the Revolution.SAVAK - Iranian Security and Intelligence Organization - the intelligence of the Shah of Iran. The name was changed to SAVAMA under Ayatollah Khomeini's regime. SAVAMA reports to the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (VEVAK), headed by Ali Fallahian-Khuzestani.IRAQMukharabat [Listening Post]. Iraq's intelligence service is euphemistically called the Public Relations Bureau. It was established soon after the Ba'ath Party seized control in 1968 and it controls all aspects of political, military and economic life and carries out intelligence and other operations abroad. In 1973, a secret pact between Baghdad and Moscow was concluded under which Iraq's internal security was reorganized on KGB lines and Iraqi security officers were trained in KGB and GRU schools in Russia. In return, the Public Relations Bureau provided assistance to Soviet missions where it was difficult for the Russians to operate. ISRAEL: AMAN - Intelligence Wing - the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) intelligence arm. Formed in 1948 from the Information Service (acronym Shai) of the Haganah, the Defense Force formed before partition by the Jews of Palestine.LAKAM - Science Liaison Bureau - a top secret Israeli intelligence unit whose principal responsibility was gaining access to nuclear weapons technology. LAKAM's existence was uncovered with the arrest in 1986 of Jonathan Pollard, an American Jew working for the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) in Washington. LAKAM was abolished because of the scandal. Pollard volunteered to spy for Israel. Pollard had an active fantasy life and wanted to be a spy since college. He was rejected by the CIA as "unreliable" but held a courier's job at NIS that allowed him access to many documents and gave him an excuse for removing documents. Pollard's offer was shuffled around Israel's intelligence services until LAKAM chief Rafi Eitan took it up. Pollard and his wife were well paid. Though the Pollards were paid some $2,500 a month in addition to their normal income, they had no rich bank accounts or possessions. Published reports indicated extensive crack cocaine use by both Pollards at parties. Apparently their Israeli spying money went up in smoke. They were preparing to sell secrets also to China when arrested.Their public flight to the Israeli Embassy for asylum [they were expelled and arrested after the Israeli government decided to cut its losses] and the vast amount of information Pollard betrayed caused a bitter rupture in relations between Israel and the U.S. intelligence community. A little polite snooping by an ally is one thing, dealt with when it becomes irritating with a note to the effect that "Your man is causing an embarrassment," followed by his or her withdrawal. Wholesale theft and disclosure of identities of American counterterrorism agents in the Mideast is something else. As for the argument that it is not serious if one is spying for an ally, one goes back to first principles. Every country has its own agenda. Once a secret is divulged to another government, it may be traded or sold to a third party. The spy has no control over how the information he or she discloses will be used. Last March, despite intense lobbying by Israel's Prime Minister and some Americans for a presidential pardon, President Clinton acceded to the recommendations of the Justice Department, Defense Department and CIA that clemency be denied Pollard. MOSSAD -The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations - Mossad [the Institute] is Israel's foreign intelligence service. It developed a tremendous mys tique in the 1970s and 1980s. Criticism began for such failures as the mistaken assassinations of a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, in 1973. The waiter was thought to be Fatah special operations commander Ali Hassan Salameh, the "Red Prince" of the "417" of "Force 17" unit. Norwegian police arrested six members of the support and surveillance team. Other actions, like the 1988 raid in Tunis in which the PLO commander called Abu Jihad was killed, were condemned in the West. More recently, Mossad has been under fire for not being able to prevent the bombings of Israeli embassies and Jewish charities in Buenos Aires and London. Only a lucky traffic accident prevented a truck-bomb attack on the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok in March 1994. Shin Bet - General Security Service - Israel's internal security service. Responsible for guarding against terrorist attacks, it has developed a reputation for ruthless illegal behavior such as the killing of captives and perjury as documented in the Landau Commission report in 1987. Shin Bet is the target of many complaints of human rights abuses. ITALY: SID - Defense Intelligence Service of Italy, name changed to SISMI.SIE - Army Intelligence Service of Italy.SIFA- Armed Forces Intelligence Service of Italy.SISMI - Intelligence and Military Security Service - Italy's military intelligence, named changed from SID. Watchword of Italy's intelligence services is "SS" - the abbreviation for "segretissimo" [top secret]. JAMAICA: DISIP - Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services, Jamaica's all-purpose intelligence department. JAPAN: Japan has five major intelligence organizations, all of which are governed by a separate Cabinet ministry, making it difficult to coordinate collections and operations. These are: Naicho - the Bureau of Investigation and Information - a group of some 500 experts and analysts working in a small building near the residence of the prime minister, to whom the Naicho reports. It has no "action service" but rather focuses on providing information and analysis to its governmental customers. Defense Agency - has a special bureau that operates electronic intelligence complexes in Wakkanai, in the extreme north, where interest focuses on the Russian fortress of Vladivostok and closer bases in the Kuriles.Foreign Ministry - has its own Bureau of Intelligence and Analysis. Koanbu - The Public Security Bureau of the police is responsible for counterintelligence and counterterrorism.Koanchosa-cho - Agency for Investigating Public Security - is under the Justice Ministry and has between 6,000 and 8,000 employees in offices across the country. MITI - Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Omitted from public discussion in Japan of its intelligence and security constellation is its brightest star, MITI, whose industrial espionage activities are considered by Japanese officials to be potentially embarrassing and thus extremely sensitive. The reason is that MITI's targets are not so much declared or probable enemies like China, North Korea or Russia, but political allies and major trading partners among the industrialized Western democracies. According to Western sources, MITI operates the most comprehensive network of industrial espionage agents in the world, often in consort with various Japanese industries to whom it feeds high-technologies obtained via subterfuge and stratagem. Japan recently announced it would seek to develop enhanced computer security. This is prompted by the discovery that personal computers emit electromagnatic waves as keys are struck and these can be intercepted by ELINT antennas. KAZAKHSTAN: KNB - Committee for National Security of Kazakhstan - was formed on June 20, 1992. The KNB leadership includes chairman Sat Tokpakbayev and deputy chairmen (ethnic Russians) Leonid Dagayev and Yuri Serebryakov. Following Moscow's lead, the KNB has a public relations department headed by Karabi Mukhanbetkaliyev. KOREA - NORTH: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) retains two espionage services, the Research Department of theKorean Workers Party (KWP) and the Reconnaissance Bureau of the General Staff Department of the Korean People's Army (KPA). Until his death last summer, both answered to KimIl-sung, who was both general secretary of the KWP and president of the DPRK. However, since the early 1980s, actual direction of the Research Department and Reconnaissance Bureau is believed to have been in the control of Kim's heir and apparent successor, Kim Chong-Il, who turned 53 on February 16, 1995. In 1978, Kim Chong-Il ordered the kidnapping from HongKong of South Korea's most popular actress, Choi En-hui, and a few months later kidnapped her husband, South Korea'sleading film director, Shin Sang-ok. After being kept inprison for five years, they agreed to cooperate with KimChong-il's plan to revitalize DPRK film industry. Theyplayed their roles so well that they were permitted to attend a film festival in Vienna, Austria, in March 1986,and were able to escape. Among the documentary evidence ofthe role of Kim Il-sung and Kim Chong-il in their kidnappingwere their tape recordings of Kim Chong-il's visits to their home and a photograph he gave to Choi En-hui of his meetingwith her on the dock minutes after her captors brought her ashore. In it, Kim is holding her hand. Her head is bowed and slightly averted. Details of the KWP Research Department's espionage terrorist operations were provided by Kim Hyon-hui, after her arrest. Miss Kim and a veteran Research Departmentoperative, Kim Sung-hui, 70, posed as a Japanese father and daughter, traveled with their control officers from Pyongy-ang to Moscow, then to East Berlin, Budapest and Vienna where they were given expertly forged Japanese passports,tickets connecting them to a Korean Airlines flight, a bomb concealed in a radio and a liquid accelerant disguised as whiskey. The two left the aircraft in Abu Dhabi but failedto make connecting flights. After KAL Flight 858 disap-peared, passport checks of those who got off in Abu Dhabi led to their discovery and arrest. Both Research Department agents bit on cyanide capsule. The older agent died, Miss Kim survived. In her confession, she said that two days before starting out on this assignment, senior Research Department officials showed her a hand written authorization for this attack from Kim Chong-il. She also signed an oathswearing to carry out her "combat mission" and "fight to the death for the lofty authority and prestige of the beloved leader." "Beloved leader" is the title of Kim Chong-il. The incident prompted the State Department to add theDPRK to its official list of governments supporting interna-tional terrorism that should be kept in isolation. That position appears to have been superseded by the recent bilateral U.S.-DPRK agreement in Geneva. On February 15,1995, Congress was informed that the shipment of 50,000 tonsof U.S. oil sent to North Korea intended to fuel civilian power plants to replace electricity from the closed down nuclear reactor at Yongbyon was being converted for military use; but that the United States had protested. KOREA - SOUTH: South Korea's foreign intelligence and security agencieshave earned a reputation for ruthlessness stemming partlyfrom the fact that the Republic of Korea (ROK) remains atwar with the DPRK. The perpetual state of war on a crampedpeninsula where the ROK capital is only some 40 miles fromthe Demilitarized Zone and where infiltration for decadesmade for a society in which the military, security and intelligence agencies not only directed policy, but kid-napped political opponents from third countries and deposedpresidents. Democratization in South Korea during the 1980sand 1990s appears to have limited many excesses. Studentradicals still protest the existence of the National Secu-rity Law. KCIA - Korean Central Intelligence Agency, now the ANSP. Arguably, the most notorious scandal involving the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), which feared that the post-Vietnam United States would withdraw U.S. military forces from South Korea. The KCIA's solution was to set up Tongson Park as a bribery and influence peddler. The former KCIA director defected to the United States and gave detailed testimony to Congress and the courts. Two former and four serving U.S. Members of Congress were charged with taking KCIA bribes routed through Tongson Park. In October 1979, as the KCIA scandal wound down in Washington, KCIA Director Kim Jae Kyu shot and killed President General Park Chung Hee, who had ruled the ROK since his military coup in 1961. It is noted that the South Korean YONHAP news service reported last July that former KCIA officer Bo Hi Pak, principal deputy of Unification Church Leader the Reverend Sun Myung Moon and director of the Moon business empire, went to Pyongyong for six days and participated in the funeral ceremonies for Kim Il-sung. Seoul's Choson Ilbo reported that Pak had sent a message of condolence praising Kim Il-sung before his visit, that he attended the funeral and memorial service, laid wreaths at the "Great Leader's" bier and expressed his "deep condolences" to Kim Chong-il. In his press statements, Pak said that in the Pyongyang guest house he was given, the servants, including two young maids and cook, were weeping over Kim's death, and added, "My eyes also filled with tears when I saw the compatriots crying. It was similar to the sorrow of losing a parent." The ROK government retaliated by revoking Pak's licence to publish seven Unification Church publications. ANSP - Agency for National Security Planning [also known by the acronym NSP] - the Republic of Korea's intelligence agency, headed by Kim Tok. In September 1994, the ANSP announced its first public seminar. The topic was "How to Protect Industrial Secrets." Now, and not coincidentally, the ROK's intelligence agency makes economic information gathering its "top priority. The ANSP chief Kim Tok in a recent report to the Republic of Korea's President Kim Yong-sam reportedly stated the agency would emphasize collection of economic, industrial and environmental data to help South Korean industries prepare for the "coming era of borderless competition." Kim Tok added that "information services for the private sector will be increased to make the ANSP an intelli- gence agency in which the people have full trust." President Kim Yong-sam reportedly responded by expressing his hope that the ANSP would grow into a "world- level information and intelligence agency." Kim Tok's address followed earlier reports that the ANSP is putting more emphasis on collection of foreign technology. The article noted that despite a hiring freeze, the agency intends to hire more science and technology experts and "specialists in industrial intelligence." Efforts reportedly were being made to attract individuals with advanced degrees able to collect and evaluate economic and industrial intelligence. The paper added the ANSP also plans to "augment this portion of the personnel it sends overseas." LITHUANIA: State Department of Security of Lithuania - General Director (as of May 1994) was Jurgis Jurgelis, 51, who is the eighth to hold the post [after M. Laurinkus, D. Arlauskas, V. Zedelis, Z. Vaisvila, B. Gajauskas, P. Plumpa and K. Mickevicius]. MEXICO: DFS - Federal Security Directorate - Mexico.DIPD - Intelligence Department of the Federal District Police - the most important secret police organization of Mexico. NICARAGUA: DGSE - Nicaragua's General Directorate of State Security. PANAMA: SNI - the intelligence service of Panama, works closely with the United States. PAKISTAN: ISI - Inter-Services Intelligence - Pakistan's all pervasive intelligence service is controlled by the military. The ISI has assets throughout the country's leadership sectors - political, scientific, commercial and religious. It is responsible for direction and control of the country's nuclear weapons program and defense buildup, including clandestine technology acquisitions and for maintaining cordial relationships with China. During the Afghanistan war, ISI became a major sub-contractor of the CIA, managing the operation of Afghan refugee camps and the training and arming of the mujaheddin. With hostilities in Afghanistan no longer of interest to Washington, the ISI lost favor because of its nuclear program and reported excesses on the Kashmir border. The ISI recently sought to regain American favor by cooperating in the arrest of a prime suspect in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. (continued as next chapter)